The good way to use flashcards to learn vocabulary

To learn vocabulary, there are several systems, and 2 especially used in auto-learning :

• The lists (sorted or not by theme, by frequence). This is the vocabulary notebook our language teachers made us write in the secondary school, the notebook having for them the advantage that its form could be checked even though it was not learned… Because its use showed some obvious limits : The learned vocabulary and still to be learned staying at the same level, we cannot focus on the most difficult words.
• The flashcards, are these small cards with on one side the word in target language and on the other side the word in the origin language. The advantage is that once the word is known, you can remove its card to focus only on the others. Here is a more efficient method. But it is possible to do even better.

We saw that flashcards are a memorization mean through a repetition spaced in time. It happened that a German scientist, Sebastian Leitner, demonstrated in the 70′s that it was possible to maximize the system efficiency by sorting the cards in several groups corresponding to our memorization ability. This is the Leitner system and here is the functioning : We test our knowledge with the cards from one group. If we remember the meaning of the word, we put the card in another group and in the opposite case we put it in the first group. The time duration between each test increases with the groups.

For example, the proposed time durations being only proposals : We have 4 groups. The group 1 includes the words we hardly remember, the group 4 including the words we easily remember. We will check the words of the group 1 every day, the one of the group 2 every 3 days, the one of the group 3 every week and the one of the group 4 every month. If we success on the vocabulary of the group 1, the words we know are put into the group 2 and will be tested a few days later; the known words of group 2 will go to group 3, the ones of group 3 in the group 4 and the one of the group 4 will be considered as definitely known. On the opposite, the words of group 2, 3 and 4 we don’t remember would go directly in the group 1.

Thus you spend more time on the difficult words, you train your memory on the short term but also on the long term. The result is a more efficient memorization activity.

Original article : http://www.entre-france-et-coree.com/2008/05/12/du-bon-usage-des-flashcards-pour-le-vocabulaire/

More information on Leitner’s system : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leitner_system

Vocabulary memorization innovative project (1) : memorization technics

In a serie of articles on our current innovative project on memorization of vocabulary in foreign languages, here are some interesting materials  and thoughts which guided our development.

How to… Learn a Foreign Language

Using the tools :

Foreign languages are the ideal subject area for the use of memory techniques. Learning vocabulary is often a matter of associating a meaningless collection of syllables with a word in your own language.

Traditionally people have associated these words by repetition – by saying the word in their own language and the foreign language time and time and time and time again. You can improve on this tedious way of learning by using three good techniques:

1. Using Mnemonics to link words

This is a simple extension of the link method. Here you are using images to link a word in your own language with a word in a foreign language.

For example, in learning English/French vocabulary:

• English: rug/carpet – French: tapis – imagine an ornate oriental carpet with a tap as the central design woven in chrome thread
• English: grumpy – French: grognon – a grumpy man groaning with irritation
• English: to tease – French: taquiner – a woman teasing her husband as she takes in the washing.

This technique was formalized by Dr. Michael Gruneberg, and is known as the ‘LinkWord’ technique. He has produced language books (an example is German by Association) in many language pairs to help students acquire the basic vocabulary needed to get by in the language (usually about 1000 words). It is claimed that using this technique this basic vocabulary can be learned in just 10 hours.

2. The town language Mnemonic

This is a very elegant, effective mnemonic that fuses a sophisticated variant of the Roman Room system with the system described above.

This depends on the fact that the basic vocabulary of a language relates to everyday things: things that you can usually find in a city, town or village. To use the technique, choose a town that you are very familiar with. Use objects within that place as the cues to recall the images that link to foreign words.

Nouns in the town:
Nouns should be associated to the most relevant locations: for example, the image coding the foreign word for book could be associated with a book on a shelf in the library. You could associate the word for bread with an image of a loaf in a baker’s shop. Words for vegetables could be associated with parts of a display outside a greengrocer’s. Perhaps there is a farm just outside the town that allows all the animal name associations to be made.

Adjectives in the park:
Adjectives can be associated with a garden or park within the town: words such as green, smelly, bright, small, cold, etc. can be easily related to objects in a park. Perhaps there is a pond there, or a small wood, or perhaps people with different characteristics are walking around.

Verbs in the sports center:
Verbs can most easily be associated with a sports center or playing field. This allows us all the associations of lifting, running, walking, hitting, eating, swimming, driving, etc.

Remembering Genders
In a language where gender is important, a very good method of remembering this is to divide your town into two main zones. In one zone you code information on masculine gender nouns, while in the other zone you code information on feminine nouns. Where the language has a neutral gender, then use three zones. You can separate these areas with busy roads, rivers, etc. To fix the gender of a noun, simply associate its image with a place in the correct part of town. This makes remembering genders easy!

Many Languages, many towns
Another elegant spin-off of the technique comes when learning several languages: normally this can cause confusion. With the town mnemonic, all you need do is choose a different city, town or village for each language to be learned. Ideally this might be in the relevant country. Practically, however, you might just decide to use a local town with the appropriate foreign flavor.

3. The 100 most common words

Tony Buzan, in his book ‘Using your Memory’, points out that just 100 words comprise 50% of all words used in conversation in a language. Learning this core 100 words gets you a long way towards being able to speak in that language, albeit at a basic level. The 100 basic words used in conversation are shown below:

1. A/an	2. After	3. Again	4. All	5. Almost
6. Also	7. Always	8. And	9. Because	10. Before
11. Big	12. But	13. (I) can	14. (I) come	15. Either/or
16. (I) find	17. First	18. For	19. Friend	20. From
21. (I) go	22. Good	23. Good-bye	24. Happy	25. (I) have
26. He	27. Hello	28. Here	29. How	30. I
31. (I) am	32. If	33. In	34. (I) know	35. Last
36. (I) like	37. Little	38. (I) love	39. (I) make	40. Many
41. One	42. More	43. Most	44. Much	45. My
46. New	47. No	48. Not	49. Now	50. Of
51. Often	52. On	53. One	54. Only	55. Or
56. Other	57. Our	58. Out	59. Over	60. People
61. Place	62. Please	63. Same	64. (I) see	65. She
66. So	67. Some	68. Sometimes	69. Still	70. Such
71. (I) tell	72. Thank you	73. That	74. The	75. Their
76. Them	77. Then	78. There is	79. They	80. Thing
81. (I) think	82. This	83. Time	84. To	85. Under
86. Up	87. Us	88. (I) use	89. Very	90. We
91. What	92. When	93. Where	94. Which	95. Who
96. Why	97. With	98. Yes	99. You	100. Your

(Extract reproduced from Use Your Memory by Tony Buzan with the permission of BBC Worldwide Limited, © Tony Buzan)

Summary

The three approaches to learning foreign languages shown here can be very effective. They help to:

• Point out the most important words to learn
• Show how to link words in your own language to words in a foreign language, and
• Show how to structure recall of the language through use of the town mnemonic.

Original Posted on MindTools.com : http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newTIM_10.htm